Who should be a citizen of one political community or how one get promote to recieve at least own freedom for reachin th basic needs is the long chronical standard inquiry that remains the wide junction to be fulfilled. The concept of 'citizenship' and terminology of 'refugee' also be demarcated mainly into various means as if our destiny for being human belong to some particular and specific context of power relations in one space. Many people generally think that the humanitarian aid and assistance should be apolitical and dehistoricizing those kinds of priori context. But after I have read articles from Aihwa Ong from last week and Malkki's Cultural Anthropology, these two pieces of interesting critiques gives many further considerations beyond the old ideas and general perceptions of ordinary people who are not familiar with the refugee or this field may ignore these statements, while unthinkable point on the liberalism with cooperatin and some apolitical universal organizing on relieving other human sufferings. From Ong, we met the concept of 'Cultural Citizenship' and got some idea about how conventional meanings of citizenship described. For this week, I suppose to have further critical point given by Malkki that reflect some interesting point; the totally dehistoricizing humanitarian intervention or assistance is not the positive shed of light in the eyes of real world, especially through other lens of people, not refugee.
" The problem is that th necessary delivery of relief and also long term assistance is accompanied by a host of other, unannounced social processes and practices that are dehistoricizing. This dehistoricizing universalism creates a context in which it is dificult for people in the refugee category to be approachd as historical actors rather than simply as mute victims " (Liisa Malkki's Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization, page 378).
The humanitarian practices tend to silence refugees and keep their passion in the freezing passive zone. And many preventive measures under the domain of humanitarian operation and help will be mobilised if, at least, the disaster both from natural and human-made has already happened. Also the presupposed or preriquisited norms or logics will be activated during that time of crises emerged. In her article has examplify about case in African region especially the Rwanda, 1994, one of the worst genocide in human history as I saw. In this region always as routine confronting of ethnic violence, for Rwanda, the Tutsi tribesmen from Uganda got along the struggling with Hutu, the majority tribesmen in Rwanda but they didn't hold any superior in military or arms strength. Many Hutu Rwandan emigrates to neighboring countries like in Zaire, Tanzania, and elsewhere. While those host countries has whispered to the UN to promote the repatriation of refugees back to their home Rwanda, after the they seem to hide in its other plants. In this kind of situation, it's easier to positively push forward on the track of humanitarian assistance through negotiation and then sending the Hutu back thei home, by apolitical an dehistoricizing conglomerate operations. But the way by that relects the conversed value in which it is silencing the voice of suffer by focusing other voices, instead. Like ties them back to the place whereby we cannot totally guarantee their safety. And they are not sure that place is still old home or not. The humanitarian assistance is very good concept at first place but it also enlarges the gap to define or include essential core in the mind of refugee. While some exclusion always spring out from this discourse like the registeration of legal refugee is needed in order to reachable appeal the attention from outsided organizations. Also the voices of refugee are still mute and remote from our eyesight and hearing them. It's better to not reclaim one universal standardized operation by excluding many specific historic and context of that suffering groups because we will not know the ways behind te scene.
" If humanitarian can only constitute itself on the bodies of dehistoricized, archetypal refugees and oter similarly styed victims...
If clinical and philanthropic modes of humanitarianism are the only options...
Then citizenship in this human community itself remains curously, indecently, outside of history" (Malkki's Cultural Anthropology, page 398).
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