The term 'development' has been used intellectually and in pragmatist sense with various end results. Many dvelopmen projects were initiated long time ago starting within the Western Europe and Nortern America, especially for tyhe large scale or mega project that it provides indirectly the negative repulsion from many factions in counry or such community. The one of eminent example for describing the transnational struggles is dam building projects. In which it tremendously increases in this twentieth century, such in a kind of hydroelectric dams, the Soviet's Desprotoi as the first one.
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| The Graph exhibit the power output from the dam |
The Three Gorges Dam is mega project of China to build up the hydroelectric dam for distributing the power engine across the country. This masterwork is the success of Chinese government to establish the world's largest power station which the installed capacity approximately 22,500 MWand total generating capacity of 18,200 MW. It has proved expensive and controversial due to the rehousing of 1.4 million people and the flooding of more than 1,000 towns and villages. Pollution, silt and landslides have plagued the reservoir area. Given the 254bn yuan (£24bn) cost and political prestige at stake, the government focused for many years on the dam's achievements and attempted to stifle domestic criticism of the project(Source:www.guardian.co.uk). At the same time that the Three Gorges project provides huge comprehensive benefits, urgent problems must be resolved regarding the smooth relocation of residents, ecological protection and geological disaster prevention, this has claimed by the government. In which, we can see that it may have some agenda beinded the scene and how we guarantee what is the smooth relocaion becaue the publishing of media or newspaper are always screened under the eyesight of Chinese authoritative body, especially the local media.
But its public analysis has become increasingly sober. Many anti-dam activist also provide various points of criticism. The government has already raised its budget for water treatment plants but opponents of the dam say this is not enough. "The government built a dam but destroyed a river," said Dai Qing, a longtime critic of the project. "No matter how much effort the government makes to ease the risks, it is infinitesimal. The state council is spending more money on the project rather than investigating fully. I cannot see a real willingness to solve the problem." As Sanjeev Khagram proposed in article about the case of China that;
"...The absence of both domestic socil mobilization and the persistence of a dominant authoritarian regime has resulted in even less change in the dynamics of big dam building than in Indonesia. [...] But the case of the Three Gorges does highlight that even when transnationally allied anti-dam activity has encountered unfavorable domestic-level conditions, it has increasingly been able to have a noticeable and non-negligible effect on development processes and oucomes" (Khagram's Dams,Democracy, and Development, P.161).The one sifnificant factor leading to the effectiveness of collective action is based on the mobilization of the available resources inside that community, and this factor also intertwined with the transnational linkages from domestic actors and the global spread or institutionalization of norms or international regimes on some spcific domain. The transnational structuration processes will be the most succesful in changing developmnt outcomes when it linked to those domestic actors with the ability to generate social mobilization, especially in the context of democratic degree. We cannot percieve from the higher or formal perspective to learn about this kind of transnational struggles. We need the two lens and steps of this transformaion to response the direction of flows and integration on the large scale pictures. Starting from informal and short term coalitions to more formal and institutionalized issue networks and organizations, by comparison intiated 'Transnationalisms from Below' evolving to 'Transnationalisms from Above'. The continued transnationalization of communictions, transportation, and economiuc exchange has obviously facilitated the emergence and perseverance of forms of these coordinated and collective action. Also the better way for starting is to make sure that the transformation flows in which directions and it has any obstacles or inhibitor factor to impede this transformation or international regimes, or not.
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